Implementing Integrated Land Use Planning: A step-by-step guide for rural areas
PRACTITIONER’S GUIDE: ANNEX 1
Annex 1
DPSIR FRAMEWORK
EXAMPLES OF DRIVERS, PRESSURES, STATES, IMPACTS AND RESPONSES AROUND LAND USE
DRIVERS (D)
| Socio-economic DRIVERS of land use problems | Examples of consequences |
| Population pressure | Extreme competition for ecosystem services |
| Land tenure situation | Insecurity of tenure, use or access rights |
| Poverty | Reduced investment in land improvements |
| Labour shortage | Reduced terrace maintenance and conservation measures |
| Lack of roads / high fertilizer prices | Reduced access to farm inputs |
| Reduced access to education | Less chance to implement conservation or other land improvement methods |
| War and conflicts | Insecurity / land mines prevent access to productive land |
| Lack of rural credit | Reduced use of inputs to raise land productivity |
| Insufficient extension or technical advisory services | Low land productivity |
| Changes in consumption pattern | Excessive/insufficient demand for certain products destabilize settled farming systems |
| Decline in (inter)national demand | Lack of markets; inadequate incomes for farmers or pastoralists |
| Legal DRIVERS of land use problems | Examples of consequences |
| Governance, institutional or policy failures | Existing laws and enforcement tools fail to promote sustainable land use |
| Inheritance laws | Dispersed, small, uneconomical plots |
PRESSURES (P)
| Land Use PRESSURES resulting in land degradation | Examples of pressures |
| Improper soil management | Improper use of heavy machinery; lack of soil conservation measures; cultivation vulnerable soils |
| Improper crop/rangeland management | Shortened fallow period; excessive use of fertilizers/pesticides; bad irrigation practices; bush encroachment; invasive species |
| Deforestation/removal of natural vegetation | Conversion to agriculture; large scale commercial forestry; expansion of settlements; forest/grassland fires |
| Over-exploitation of natural vegetation | Excessive gathering of fuel wood or fodder |
| Overgrazing | Overstocking; trampling and erosion along animal paths/watering points; decline in palatable species |
| Industrial activities | Areas occupied for mining, industries, waste deposits |
| Urbanization and infrastructure | Expansion of settlements, road network, urban recreational spaces |
| Discharges | Point pollution by waste water/sewage |
| Release of airborne pollutants | Soil contamination |
| Soil compaction | Lower water infiltration rates, higher runoff |
| Excessive withdrawal of water | Industrial use; irrigation water losses; mining activities |
| Natural causes | Volcanic eruptions; change in temperature and moisture regimes; floods; droughts; dust storms. |
STATE (S)
| Biophysical symptoms of land degradation | Examples of symptoms |
| Soil erosion by water | Lost topsoil; gully erosion; landslides; off-site deposition of sediment (silting of dams) |
| Soil erosion by wind | Lost topsoil; deflation and deposition; off-site deposition of wind-transported particles |
| Chemical soil deterioration | Soil fertility decline; soil pollution; soil acidification, salinization, alkalinization |
| Physical soil deterioration | Soil compaction, sealing and crusting; waterlogging; subsidence of organic soils |
| Water resource degradation | Lowering of groundwater levels; decline in water quality or quantity; seawater intrusion |
| Biological Degradation | Reduced vegetation cover; biodiversity reduction; loss of habitat; biomass and yield decline; effects of fire |
| Socio-economic symptoms of land use problems | Examples of symptoms |
| Land abandonment | Migration to towns and outside country |
| Poor health and nutrition | Food insecurity |
| Encroachment on wildlife territories/nature reserves | Crops grown in wildlife reserves |
| Conflicts between farmers and pastoralists | Crops eaten by cattle |
IMPACTS (I)
| IMPACTS on Ecosystem Services | Examples of impacts |
| (1) Productive Services | |
| Biomass production level | Crop, wood or livestock production decline/increase |
| Water quantity and quality | Reduction/increase in water quality/quantity for crops, human and livestock consumption |
| Land availability | Decrease in area available for agricultural production |
| (2) Ecological Services | |
| (a) Water | Worsened/improved ability to regulate excess and scarce water |
| (b) Soil | More/less efficient nutrient and carbon cycling |
| (c) Biodiversity | Maintaining or improving quality or diversity of biological species |
| (d) Climate | Positive or negative changes in biomass productivity |
| (3) Socio-Economic Services | |
| (a) Aesthetic, cultural | Reduced landscape & heritage values |
| (b) Education, (indigenous) knowledge | Decline/improvement in school attendance, girls education |
| (c) Conflict transformation | Transition from land use systems adapted to conflict to de-conflicted systems |
| (d) Food and Livelihood security | Improved/worsened food security/poverty levels |
| (e ) Health | Increase/decrease in infant mortality |
| (f) Marketing opportunities | Reduced/improved access to national and international markets. |
RESPONSES (R)
| Examples of CONSERVATION & REHABILITATION Responses | Examples of conservation/rehabilitation tools/goals |
| (1) Agronomic measures | |
| (a) Conservation agriculture | Minimum tillage; permanent cover; crop rotation |
| (b) Manuring/nutrient management | Organic manures; soil conditioners |
| (c ) Rotational systems | Fallow |
| (2) Vegetative measures | |
| (a) Vegetative strips | Erosion control |
| (b) Agroforestry | Fertility improvement |
| (c ) Sand dune stabilization | Erosion control |
| (3) Structural measures | |
| (a) Gully control | Structural barriers to stop erosion. |
| (b) Terraces | Moisture retention, erosion control |
| (c ) Water harvesting | Structures to collect runoff water |
| (4) Management measures | |
| (a) Change in land use | Building stop in areas prone to flooding |
| (b) Change in management/intensity | Water conservation through drip irrigation |
| (c ) Change in timing of activities | Vegetation regeneration by periodic closing off areas for livestock grazing |
| (d) Waste management | Recycling |
| Examples of FINANCIAL Responses | Financial goals |
| Carbon markets | Reducing in a cost-efficient way emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses (GHG) |
| Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) | Carbon offset scheme allowing countries to fund GHG emissions-reducing projects in other countries |
| Payment for Reduced Emissions (REDD &REDD+) | Guiding activities in sustainable forest management to reduce GHG emissions |
| Payment for improved water supply downstreams | Maintaining upstream forests to conserve and regulate water supply |
| Payment for biodiversity conservation | Protecting ecosystem functions (e.g. nutrient recycling, erosion control, pollinating crops and trees) |
| Local Credit Schemes | Providing reliable lending facility to small businesses and farms to promote economic growth |
| Examples of SOCIAL Responses | Social goals |
| Farmer Field Schools | Gaining educational experience, exchanging indigenous knowledge |
| Extension & Advisory Services/ Training | Increasing quantity and skills of extension workers |
| Capacity building in participatory land use planning | Strengthening planning bodies |
| Participatory negotiated territorial development | Promoting local empowerment and negotiations |
| Examples of LEGAL and POLICY Responses | Legal/policy goals |
| Quality labeling (origin/way of production) | Protecting and enhancing market value of local produce |
| Laws, by-laws and regulations | Promoting sustainable land use / land consolidation |
| Protect wildlife, parks, wetlands, landscapes | Creating and maintaining heritage sites through UNESCO quality labels |
| Adherence to international conventions | Meeting commitments on climate change, biodiversity and land degradation neutrality targets |